A drought or drouth is an event of prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric belowaverage precipitation, surface water or ground water. We constructed a database of meteorological drought events from 1951 to 2016, now hosted by the global drought observatory of the european commissions joint research centre. Meteorological drought can be considered as an early indication of drought before it affects the agricultural and hydrological water components 20. The largescale atmospheric circulation anomaly such as enso and ao shows strong linkages with actual evaporation, thus strongly influencing the propagation time from meteorological to hydrological drought on relatively long time scales approximately 48 years, whilst the parameter w of the fus equation is positively correlated with the. Background drought is an insidious natural hazard that results from lower levels of precipitations than what is considered normal. In this tool eight meteorological indices would be calculated. Atmosphere free fulltext evaluation of meteorological. Extreme drought incidences were observed in the years 1987, 2000, 2006, and 2009 for spei3, whilst the spei12 demonstrated the manifestation of drought during the. Meteorological science has not yet come to grips with drought. Dynamicmodelbased seasonal prediction of meteorological drought over the contiguous united states jinho yoon paci.
The standardized precipitation index spi is a widely used index to characterize meteorological drought on a range of timescales. Pdf definitions and effects of droughts researchgate. Drought effects on us maize and soybean production. The 19th century saw modest progress in the field after weather observation networks were formed across. Over the years several indices have been developed, each one essentially related to one of the four categories in which the american meteorological society 1997 has grouped drought definitions and types. The distribution of water on the earths surface is not even. An agricultural drought is defined as a deficit in soil moisture, and a hydrological drought is defined as a period of time in which the amount of available water streamflow. Consequently only five of the nine provinces have been declared as disaster areas. Methodology to characterize meteorological drought and drought frequency curves have been developed for the drought prone hazaribagh district, jharkhand, india. The extreme us great grain belt drought of 2012 is.
The dyk is a suite of notes that attempt to explain or clarify complex climate phenomena, climate monitoring products and methodologies, and climate system insights. Climate change has been a hotspot of scientific research in the world for decades. The meteorological drought monitoring system depends on the availability of rainfall data at adequate spatial and temporal scales. Prospects for dynamical prediction of meteorological drought. Definitions of meteorological drought must be considered as specific to a region since the atmospheric conditions that. Many of these impacts are associated with hydrological drought drought in rivers, lakes, and groundwater.
The frequency and severity of meteorological and hydrological droughts have increased in most parts of europe. Usscale daily meteorological dataset and detrended countylevel maize and soybean yield data to answer thefollowingresearchquestions. Hydrology free fulltext application of meteorological and. Meteorological drought indicators are commonly used for agricultural drought contingency planning in ethiopia. Agricultural drought is based on the impacts to agriculture by factors such as rainfall deficits, soil water deficits, reduced ground water, or reservoir levels needed for irrigation. Drought is a complex natural hazard that impacts ecosystems and society in many ways. A real challenge in water resources management is monitoring and forecasting drought events. Comparison of meteorologicaland agriculturerelated drought. Evaluation of satellitebased rainfall estimates and.
Meteorological drought is caused by the lack of rains and dry weather is the main factor for this type of natural calamity. Estimation of meteorological drought indices based on agmerra precipitation data and stationobserved precipitation data. Some arid areas of africa suffered from sustained reduction of rainfall over several decades of the late twentieth century, and recurring droughts. Agricultural drought occurs due to the lack of moisture in the soil and affects crops. Prospects for dynamical prediction of meteorological drought xiaowei quan, martin p. Pdf drought is a hazard that occurs everywhere in the world both in dry and in wet areas. Meteorological and hydrological droughts in europe. The spatiotemporal analysis of dry and wet events was conducted for 3 and 12 months. Pdf the objective of this study is to provide a description of the background of the. A software for monitor meteorological drought by 8 indices.
Estimation of meteorological drought indices based on agmerra precipitation data and stationobserved precipitation data with the doi. Dynamicmodelbased seasonal prediction of meteorological. Of course, no such dataset could ever be free of error. Analyzing the concurrence of meteorological droughts and warm.
Meteorological drought is usually defined on the basis of the degree of dryness in comparison to some normal or average amount and the duration of the dry period. Drought is a recurrent feature of the european climate that affects considerable fractions of the european population each year. Wood department of civil and environmental engineering, princeton university, princeton. All the calculations and the ranges of indices were presented in the paper with title of. Extremes of wetness are also projected to increaseafter 2040. Furthermore, wmo continues to actively involve the national meteorological and.
It is, therefore, crucial to understand the development and recovery of hydrological drought. Drought impacts are a key indicator of vulnerability. Calculating meteorological drought indices with embedded middleeast database. From meteorological drought to agricultural and hydrological drought. The annual and monsoon seasonal rainfall data for a period of 80 years 19 1992 were. When this phenomenon extends over a season or a longer period of time, precipitation is insufficient to meet the demands of human activities and the environment. Meteorological drought analysis using datadriven models. Hence, the main factors causing drought are rainfall. Meteorological drought analysis is one of the hydrological studies that should be performed with respect to continuous monitoring of water resources potential, for short, mid and longrange management planning, to prevent or diminish the negative effects of drought. Extreme drought in ethiopia stretches drought management. Evaluation of meteorological, hydrological and groundwater.
Drought also affected parts of arizona, kansas, arkansas, georgia, florida, mississippi, alabama, south and north carolina. Texas, oklahoma and new mexico were most adversely affected. Risk assessment of meteorological drought in china under. On short timescales, the spi is closely related to soil moisture, while at longer timescales, the spi can be related to groundwater and reservoir storage. Drought is an extended period of me during which fresh water availability, par cularly rainfall and soil moisture are below average, and temperatures and winds are high, which speci. One of these approaches is the meteorological drought, where the events are characterized by. Droughts pdf download types of droughts and factors the term drought in simple words is the absence of water for a long period of time, at a place where it is considered abnormal as compared to its usual conditions. Many indices and indicators are available to assist in the quantitative assessment of drought severity. The propagation from meteorological to hydrological. Drought is a normal part of virtually all climatic regions, including areas with high and low average rainfall. Drought is a creeping phenomenon with no universal definitiondefinitions are region and application impact specific. Meteorological and climatological drought is defined in terms of the magnitude of a precipitation shortfall and the duration of this shortfall event. Extreme drought in ethiopia stretches drought management systems ci m at e cera funded by background ethiopia is one of the most populous countries in subsaharan africa and one of the fastestgrowing economies. Definitions of meteorological drought must be considered as region specific since the atmospheric conditions that result in deficiencies of precipitation are highly variable.
Trends in meteorological and agricultural droughts in iran. Meteorological drought american meteorological society. Free trial driver booster 6 pro 60% off when you buy mdm. The last deals with drought in terms of supply and demand, tracking the effects of water shortfall as it ripples through socioeconomic systems. Mdm or meteorological drought monitoring is a lightweight piece of software that enables meteorologists. It is a situation when there is a significant decrease in rainfall from the normal over an area. Zolotokrylin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss precipitation over the land mostly outside arid areas. Meteorological drought is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness in comparison to some normal or average amount and the duration of the dry period. Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences which includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics, with a major focus on weather forecasting. This work examines drought and flood events over kenya from 1981 to 2016 using the standardized precipitationevapotranspiration index spei. Available studies project further increases in the frequency, duration and. Projections of future meteorological drought and wet. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the 18th century. This tool has been improved to rainbased drought indices tool from 20170101.
Different drought indices agree that the increase is greatest in southern europe. For the region as a whole, the cmip5 models suggest that the area affected by mild and severe meteorological drought will nearly double and triple, respecti vely, by 2100. The hydroclimatic conditions under which a seasonal meteorological drought below. Socioeconomic drought socioeconomic drought is based on the impact of drought conditions meteorological, agricultural, or hydrological drought on supply and. Projected future aridity is presented based on recent studies and our analysis of model simulations. A meteorological drought is defined as the deficit of precipitation relative to the average precipitation of longterm climatology. A drought can last for months or years, or may be declared after as few as 15 days. Saws generally accepts that an area experiences a meteorological drought when it receives less than 75% of its. Download rdit lightweight and pragmatic piece of software that helps you calculate all eight meteorological drought indices spi, di, pn, rai, edi, czi, zsi. A case of the eastern cape and free state provinces of south africa. A new global database of meteorological drought events. Links various categories of meteorological and hydrological drought to agricultural impacts, focusing primarily on soil water deficits and differences between actual and potential evapotranspiration situations with insufficient soil moisture level to meet the plant needs during growing season. This study shows a great significance for the understanding of spatiotemporal characteristics of meteorological drought and will. It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region and harm to the local economy.
1484 327 341 591 957 1069 54 546 551 820 760 1311 186 1061 835 851 731 1331 700 590 260 740 1481 1331 1468 1485 1104 1346 1499 307 1568 1311 879 1019 952 692 772 987 100 867 650 519 994